Tuesday, May 17, 2016

To Where it Belongs

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Wednesday, June 24, 2015

Bosnia and Herzegovina : recape

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/?title=Bosnia_and_Herzegovina


Bosnia and Herzegovina
"Bosnia" and "BiH" redirect here. For other uses, see Bosnia (disambiguation) and BiH (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosna i Hercegovina
Босна и Херцеговина

Flag Coat of arms
Anthem:
Državna himna Bosne i Hercegovine
National Anthem of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Capital
and largest city Sarajevo[1]
43°52′N 18°25′E
Official languages (state level) None (de jure)
Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian (de facto)
Official languages (entity level) Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska)
Ethnic groups (2013 estimates[2])
48.4% Bosniaks
32.7% Serbs
14.6% Croats
4.3% other
Demonym
Bosnian
Herzegovinian
Government Federal parliamentary
republic[3]
 - High Representative Valentin Inzkoa
 - Chairman of the Presidency
Mladen Ivanićb
 - Members of the Presidency Dragan Čovićc
Bakir Izetbegovićd
 - Prime Minister Denis Zvizdić
Legislature Parliamentary Assembly
 - Upper house House of Peoples
 - Lower house House of Representatives
Independence
 - First mentioned 753
 - Banate of Bosnia 1154
 - Kingdom of Bosnia 1377
 - Conquered by Ottoman Empire 1463
 - Bosnian uprising 1831
 - Jurisdiction transferred to Austria–Hungary 1878
 - Annexation of Bosnia by Austria-Hungary 1908
 - National Day 25 November 1943
 - Independence from SFR Yugoslavia 1 March 1992
 - Observed[4] 6 April 1992
Area
 - Total 51,197 km2 (127th)
19,741 sq mi
 - Water (%) 0.8%
Population
 - 2014 census 3,871,643[5]
GDP (PPP) 2014 estimate
 - Total $33.251 billion[6]
 - Per capita $8,589[6]
GDP (nominal) 2014 estimate
 - Total $19.122 billion[6]
 - Per capita $4,939[6]
Gini (2013) 36.2[7]
medium
HDI (2014)  0.731[8]
high · 86th
Currency Convertible mark (BAM)
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
 - Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Date format dd.mm.yyyy (CE)
Drives on the right
Calling code 387
ISO 3166 code BA
Internet TLD .ba
a. Not a government member; the High Representative is an international civilian overseer of the Dayton peace agreement with authority to dismiss elected and non-elected officials and enact legislation.
b. Chair of current presidency (Serb).
c. Current presidency member (Croat).
d. Current presidency member (Bosniak).
Bosnia and Herzegovina (i/ˈbɒzniə ənd hɛərtsəɡɵˈviːnə/; Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian Bosna i Hercegovina, pronounced [bôsna i xěrt͡seɡoʋina]; Cyrillic script: Боснa и Херцеговина), sometimes called Bosnia-Herzegovina, abbreviated BiH, and in short often known informally as Bosnia, is a country in Southeastern Europe located on the Balkan Peninsula. Sarajevo is the capital[1] and largest city.[5] Bordered by Croatia to the north, west, and south; Serbia to the east; Montenegro to the southeast; and the Adriatic Sea to the south, with a coastline about 20 kilometres (12 miles) long surrounding the city of Neum.[9][10] In the central and eastern interior of the country the geography is mountainous, in the northwest it is moderately hilly, and the northeast is predominantly flatland. The inland is a geographically larger region and has a moderate continental climate, bookended by hot summers and cold and snowy winters. The southern tip of the country has a Mediterranean climate and plain topography.

Bosnia and Herzegovina is a region that traces permanent human settlement back to the Neolithic age, during and after which it was populated by several Illyrian and Celtic civilizations. Culturally, politically, and socially, the country has one of the richest histories in the region, having been first settled by the Slavic peoples that populate the area today from the 6th through to the 9th centuries AD. They then established the first independent banate in the region, known as the Banate of Bosnia,[11] in the early 12th century upon the arrival and convergence of peoples that would eventually come to call themselves Dobri Bošnjani ("Good Bosnians").[12][13] This evolved into the Kingdom of Bosnia in the 14th century, after which it was annexed into the Ottoman Empire, under whose rule it would remain from the mid-15th to the late 19th centuries. The Ottomans brought Islam to the region, and altered much of the cultural and social outlook of the country. This was followed by annexation into the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, which lasted up until World War I. In the interwar period, Bosnia was part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and after World War II, the country was granted full republic status in the newly formed Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Following the dissolution of Yugoslavia, the country proclaimed independence in 1992, which was followed by the Bosnian War, lasting until late 1995.

Today, the country maintains high literacy, life expectancy and education levels and is one of the most frequently visited countries in the region,[14] projected to have the third highest tourism growth rate in the world between 1995 and 2020.[15] Bosnia and Herzegovina is regionally and internationally renowned for its natural beauty and cultural heritage inherited from six historical civilizations, its cuisine, winter sports, its eclectic and unique music, architecture and its festivals, some of which are the largest and most prominent of their kind in Southeastern Europe.[16][17] The country is home to three main ethnic groups or, officially, constituent peoples, a term unique for Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bosniaks are the largest group of the three, with Serbs second and Croats third. Regardless of ethnicity, a citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina is often identified in English as a Bosnian. The terms Herzegovinian and Bosnian are maintained as a regional rather than ethnic distinction, and the region of Herzegovina has no precisely defined borders of its own. Moreover, the country was simply called "Bosnia" until the Austro-Hungarian occupation at the end of the 19th century.[18]

Bosnia and Herzegovina has a bicameral legislature and a three-member Presidency composed of a member of each major ethnic group. However, the central government's power is highly limited, as the country is largely decentralized and comprises two autonomous entities: the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska, with a third region, the Brčko District, governed under local government. The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is itself complex and consists of 10 federal units – cantons. The country is a potential candidate for membership to the European Union and has been a candidate for North Atlantic Treaty Organisation membership since April 2010, when it received a Membership Action Plan at a summit in Tallinn.[19] Additionally, the country has been a member of the Council of Europe since April 2002 and a founding member of the Mediterranean Union upon its establishment in July 2008.

Contents
Etymology
History
Early history
Medieval Bosnia
Ottoman Bosnia (1463–1878)
Austro-Hungarian rule (1878–1918)
Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918–1941)
World War II (1941–45)
Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992)
Bosnian War (1992–1995)
Anti-government protests (2014)
Geography
Government and politics
Military
Foreign relations
Demographics
Ethnic groups
Languages
Cities
Economy
Transport
Communications
Tourism
Tourist attractions
Education
Culture
Architecture
Literature
Art
Music
Cinema and theatre
Sports
Cuisine
Leisure activities
See also
References
Bibliography
External links
Etymology

History

Geography

Government and politics

Demographics

Economy

Education

Culture

See also

References

Bibliography

External links

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Europe: love and hate

www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/06/23/map-where-europe-is-growing-and-where-it-is-shrinking/?wprss=rss_world




The Washington Post
WorldViews
Map: Where Europe is growing and where it is shrinking
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By Rick Noack and Lazaro Gamio June 23

A lot has been written about Europe's shrinking population. Britain's Telegraph, for instance, once described how demographics show Europe is "slowly dying." Just this year, Arthur C. Brooks, the president of the American Enterprise Institute, predicted a "Europe in decline" because of its low birthrates.

However, new research, released by German researchers this week, reveals a far more nuanced picture of which parts of Europe have shrunk over the first decade of this century and which have grown.

Some of the data collected by Germany's federal institute for construction research offers stunning insights. The institute's map is one of the first attempts to compare demographic trends all over Europe between 2001 and 2011. Areas colored green had an average annual increase in population over that time span, and areas colored brown experienced a decline in population. In areas colored white, no significant change occurred.

These are the key findings:

These European cities are becoming more American

According to the researchers, many of Europe's largest city centers have seen their populations dwindle between 2001 and 2011 as more people moved away and birthrates went up in metropolitan areas and suburbs where housing is more affordable.


While this is a pretty common concept in the United States, it's unusual in Europe, where many city centers were historically densely populated with residential areas.

Ireland grows surprisingly fast

Compared to neighboring England, Scotland and Wales, both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland have experienced a much more significant population growth between 2001 and 2011. Indeed, Ireland's fertility rate currently stands at 2.1, the highest in the European Union. (Fertility rate is the measure of how many children a woman bears on average.)


Ireland's fertility rate alone would not be sufficient to keep its population growing, though. A ratio of 2.1 is necessary for a population to maintain population levels -- and that's exactly where the country stands. Immigrants have contributed significantly to the country's positive demographic outlook.

In Spain, growth is especially notable around Madrid and at the coast

Overall, Spain's population is in decline. However, many of the Spanish regions where growth can still be observed are located in Catalonia in the east. Given Spain's recent economic woes, Catalonia's prosperity could explain some of the population growth in this area.


France's population is growing, and the trend has been especially rapid in coastal areas

France is among the few countries in Europe with a growing population, thanks to immigration and a high fertility rate. What is particularly striking about the country is its nationwide population growth.


Unlike in many other nations, France's population is expanding above E.U. average in rural areas. German researcher Volker Schmidt-Seiwert told WorldViews: "The country's excellent transport system might help explain why families deliberately decide to stay in rural areas, instead of moving into cities."

Eastern Germany's population has declined even faster than western Germany's. But as soon as you reach the Polish border, the trend is reversed.

Germany's unemployment rate made headlines when it hit a two-decade low last summer. But that rate is not evenly spread: former West German states still have far better employment levels than their eastern neighbors. That's why more young people have moved from rural eastern areas to the west, which explains the declining population in the east.


It is also worth taking a closer look at the eastern German border to Poland: Whereas Germany is in decline, only a few miles to the east, Poland is growing. "There are few border regions, where demographic trends are visible to such an extent," Schmidt-Seiwert told WorldViews.

More than in any other country, Polish city suburbs have attracted new inhabitants

A closer look at Poland reveals how the country's population growth has been concentrated around larger cities. Although the east in general has seen a decline in inhabitants, metropolitan areas have benefited, attracting more people.


Eastern Europe and the Baltic states have shrunk dramatically

With its relatively robust growth, Poland seems to be an exception in eastern Europe. Most of the population of the continent's east has shrunk between 2001 and 2011. "The demographic developments in Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania and Romania are disconcerting," Schmidt-Seiwert said.


More on WorldViews

The global cult of Edward Snowden keeps growing

17 ways the unprecedented migrant crisis is our world

The world’s languages, in 7 maps and charts

The remarkable distances you can travel on a European train in less than a day


Rick Noack writes about foreign affairs and is based in Europe.

Lazaro Gamio makes interactive graphics for The Washington Post. Before coming to the Post, he worked for The Miami Herald, and interned for The Seattle Times and National Geographic.
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Why do Italian soccer fans and other foreigners fly the Confederate flag?
Adam Taylor · June 22

Wednesday, June 17, 2015

Fear of Proceed or Self-guard

A nation afraid of war, animol fight to device from a far. A human not when it dump and get a camel to ride and having the eternal wind or be behind.
War on your doors rotten in boats on the bloody sea,
You the remains.
 

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